Overview & examples

This file illustrates few image processing pipeline using vision module from niryo_edu package. This module is based in OpenCV and its functions are detailed in Functions documentation.

The package niryo_edu comes up with the vision module which contains image processing functions including thresholding, blob detection, …
To use it, add to your imports from pyniryo.vision import *.

Note

It is also possible to merge both import lines by using from pyniryo import *.

Play with Robot video stream

We are firstly going to take a look at robot’s functions which can be find at API - Vision

Get & display image from stream

Ned can share its video stream through TCP. As sending raw images will lead to heavy packets which can saturate the network, it sends compressed images. You access it through the robot’s function: get_img_compressed(). Once your image is received, you firstly need to uncompress via uncompress_image() and you can then display it with show_img_and_wait_close().

from pyniryo import *

# Connecting to robot
robot = NiryoRobot("10.10.10.10")

# Getting image
img_compressed = robot.get_img_compressed()
# Uncompressing image
img = uncompress_image(img_compressed)

# Displaying
show_img_and_wait_close("img_stream", img)

Note

show_img_and_wait_close() will wait for the user to press either Q or Esc key, before closing the window.

Undistort and display video stream

In this section, we are going to display the raw video stream & the undistorted video stream.

As Ned’s camera is passing raw images to the robot, these images are distorted due to the camera lens. In order to undistort them, we need to use Ned’s camera intrinsics.

To undistort the raw image, we use undistort_image() which needs to be called with the parameters given by Ned through get_camera_intrinsics().

Once, we have both raw & undistorted images, we can concatenate them in order to display them in once with concat_imgs(). Finally, we display the image show_img().

from pyniryo import *

observation_pose = PoseObject(
    x=0.18, y=0.0, z=0.35,
    roll=0.0, pitch=1.57, yaw=-0.2,
)

# Connecting to robot
robot = NiryoRobot("10.10.10.10")
robot.calibrate_auto()

# Getting calibration param
mtx, dist = robot.get_camera_intrinsics()
# Moving to observation pose
robot.move_pose(observation_pose)

while "User do not press Escape neither Q":
    # Getting image
    img_compressed = robot.get_img_compressed()
    # Uncompressing image
    img_raw = uncompress_image(img_compressed)
    # Undistorting
    img_undistort = undistort_image(img_raw, mtx, dist)

    # - Display
    # Concatenating raw image and undistorted image
    concat_ims = concat_imgs((img_raw, img_undistort))

    # Showing images
    key = show_img("Images raw & undistorted", concat_ims, wait_ms=30)
    if key in [27, ord("q")]:  # Will break loop if the user press Escape or Q
        break

Note

To see more about camera distortion/undistortion, go on OpenCV Documentation about Camera Calibration.

Pure image processing functions

In order to illustrate functions, we are going to use the following image.

Image illustration

Attention

In this section it is supposed that:

  • You have imported pyniryo.vision

  • The variable img is containing the image on which image processing is applied

Color thresholding

Color thresholding is very useful in order to detect object with an uniform color. The implemented function to realize this operation is threshold_hsv().

The following code is using parameters from ColorHSV enum in order to threshold Red features & hand made parameters to extract Blue:

img_threshold_red = threshold_hsv(img_test, *ColorHSV.RED.value)

blue_min_hsv = [90, 85, 70]
blue_max_hsv = [125, 255, 255]

img_threshold_blue = threshold_hsv(img_test, list_min_hsv=blue_min_hsv,
                                   list_max_hsv=blue_max_hsv, reverse_hue=False)

show_img("img_threshold_red", img_threshold_red)

show_img_and_wait_close("img_threshold_blue", img_threshold_blue)
Images result

Thresh color

Image result

Blue

Image Threshold Blue

Red

Image Threshold Red

Morphological transformations

Morphological transformations are some simple operations based on the image shape. It is normally performed on binary images. It needs two inputs, one is our original image, second one is called structuring element or kernel which decides the nature of operation. Two basic morphological operators are Erosion and Dilation.

Then its variant forms like Opening, Closing also comes into play. Learn more on Wikipedia page.

The implemented function to realize these operations is morphological_transformations(). It uses MorphoType and KernelType to determine which operation should be applied on the image.

The code shows how to do a Closing & an Erosion:

img_threshold = threshold_hsv(img_test, *ColorHSV.ANY.value)

img_close = morphological_transformations(img_threshold, morpho_type=MorphoType.CLOSE,
                                          kernel_shape=(11, 11), kernel_type=KernelType.ELLIPSE)

img_erode = morphological_transformations(img_threshold, morpho_type=MorphoType.ERODE,
                                          kernel_shape=(9, 9), kernel_type=KernelType.RECT)

show_img("img_threshold", img_threshold)
show_img("img_erode", img_erode)
show_img_and_wait_close("img_close", img_close)
Images result

Morpho type

Image result

None

Image Threshold Any

Erode

Image Erode

Close

Image Close

Contours finder

Contours can be explained simply as a curve joining all the continuous points (along the boundary), having same color or intensity. The contours are a useful tool for shape analysis and object detection and recognition. See more on OpenCV Documentation.

The implemented function to realize these operations is biggest_contours_finder() which takes a Black & White image, and extracts the biggest (in term of area) contours from it.

The code to extract and draw the 3 biggest contours from an image is the following:

img_threshold = threshold_hsv(img_test, *ColorHSV.ANY.value)
img_threshold = morphological_transformations(img_threshold, morpho_type=MorphoType.OPEN,
                                              kernel_shape=(11, 11), kernel_type=KernelType.ELLIPSE)

cnts = biggest_contours_finder(img_threshold, 3)

img_contours = draw_contours(img_threshold, cnts)

show_img("init", img_threshold)
show_img_and_wait_close("img with contours", img_contours)
Images result

Thresh + Opening

Image Threshold Any & Open

3 contours

3 contours

Find object center position

In order to catch an object, we need to find a pose from where the end effector can grasp the object. The following method uses contours which have been found in the previous section and finds their barycenter and orientation via the functions get_contour_barycenter() & get_contour_angle().

img_threshold = threshold_hsv(img_test, *ColorHSV.ANY.value)
img_threshold = morphological_transformations(img_threshold, morpho_type=MorphoType.OPEN,
                                              kernel_shape=(11, 11), kernel_type=KernelType.ELLIPSE)

cnt = biggest_contour_finder(img_threshold)

cnt_barycenter = get_contour_barycenter(cnt)
cx, cy = cnt_barycenter
cnt_angle = get_contour_angle(cnt)

img_debug = draw_contours(img_threshold, [cnt])
img_debug = draw_barycenter(img_debug, cx, cy)
img_debug = draw_angle(img_debug, cx, cy, cnt_angle)
show_img("Image with contours, barycenter and angle", img_debug, wait_ms=30)
Images result

Thresh + Opening

Image Threshold Any & Open

Barycenter + Angle

Barycenter + Angle

Note

The drawn vector is normal to the contour’s length because we want Ned to catch the object by the width rather than the length. Indeed, it leads to least cases where the gripper cannot open enough.

Markers extraction

As image processing happens in a workspace, it is important to extract the workspace beforehand! To do so, you can use the function extract_img_workspace().

status, im_work = extract_img_workspace(img, workspace_ratio=1.0)
show_img("init", img_test)
show_img_and_wait_close("img_workspace", img_workspace)
Images result

Original

Original Image

Extracted

Extracted Image

Debug mode

If Ned’s functions are failing, you can use Debug functions which are debug_threshold_color() & debug_markers() in order to display what the robot sees.

You can use the functions as follow:

debug_color = debug_threshold_color(img_test, ColorHSV.RED)
_status, debug_markers_im = debug_markers(img_test, workspace_ratio=1.0)

show_img("init", img_test)
show_img("debug_color", debug_color)
show_img_and_wait_close("debug_markers", debug_markers_im)
Images result

Original

Original Image

Debug red

Debug Red Image

Debug Markers

Debug Markers Image

Do your own image processing!

Now that you are a master in image processing, let’s look at full examples.

Display video stream with extracted workspace

In the current state, the following code will display the video stream and the extracted workspace image. You can add your own image processing functions maybe to apply additional process.

from pyniryo import *

# Connecting to robot
robot = NiryoRobot("10.10.10.10")
robot.calibrate_auto()

# Getting calibration param
mtx, dist = robot.get_camera_intrinsics()
# Moving to observation pose
robot.move_pose(*observation_pose.to_list())

while "User do not press Escape neither Q":
    # Getting image
    img_compressed = robot.get_img_compressed()
    # Uncompressing image
    img_raw = uncompress_image(img_compressed)
    # Undistorting
    img_undistort = undistort_image(img_raw, mtx, dist)
    # Trying to find markers
    workspace_found, res_img_markers = debug_markers(img_undistort)
    # Trying to extract workspace if possible
    if workspace_found:
        img_workspace = extract_img_workspace(img_undistort, workspace_ratio=1.0)
    else:
        img_workspace = None

    # --- --------- --- #
    # --- YOUR CODE --- #
    # --- --------- --- #

    # - Display
    # Concatenating raw image and undistorted image
    concat_ims = concat_imgs((img_raw, img_undistort))
    # Concatenating extracted workspace with markers annotation
    if img_workspace is not None:
        resized_img_workspace = resize_img(img_workspace, height=res_img_markers.shape[0])
        res_img_markers = concat_imgs((res_img_markers, resized_img_workspace))
    # Showing images
    show_img("Images raw & undistorted", concat_ims)
    key = show_img("Markers", res_img_markers, wait_ms=30)
    if key in [27, ord("q")]:  # Will break loop if the user press Escape or Q
        break

Vision pick via your image processing pipeline

You may want to send coordinate to Ned in order to pick the object of your choice! To do that, use the function get_target_pose_from_rel() which converts a relative pose in the workspace into a pose in the robot’s world!

from pyniryo import *

# -- MUST Change these variables
simulation_mode = True
if simulation_mode:
    robot_ip_address, workspace_name = "127.0.0.1", "gazebo_1"
else:
    robot_ip_address, workspace_name = "10.10.10.10", "workspace_1"

# -- Can Change these variables
grid_dimension = (3, 3)  # conditioning grid dimension
vision_process_on_robot = False  # boolean to indicate if the image processing append on the Robot
display_stream = True  # Only used if vision on computer

# -- Should Change these variables
# The pose from where the image processing happens
observation_pose = PoseObject(
    x=0.17, y=0., z=0.35,
    roll=0.0, pitch=1.57, yaw=0.0,
)

# Center of the conditioning area
center_conditioning_pose = PoseObject(
    x=0.0, y=-0.25, z=0.12,
    roll=-0., pitch=1.57, yaw=-1.57
)


# -- MAIN PROGRAM

def process(niryo_robot):
    """

    :type niryo_robot: NiryoRobot
    :rtype: None
    """
    # Initializing variables
    obj_pose = None
    try_without_success = 0
    count = 0
    if not vision_process_on_robot:
        mtx, dist = niryo_robot.get_camera_intrinsics()
    else:
        mtx = dist = None
    # Loop
    while try_without_success < 5:
        # Moving to observation pose
        niryo_robot.move_pose(observation_pose)

        if vision_process_on_robot:
            ret = niryo_robot.get_target_pose_from_cam(workspace_name,
                                                       height_offset=0.0,
                                                       shape=ObjectShape.ANY,
                                                       color=ObjectColor.ANY)
            obj_found, obj_pose, shape, color = ret

        else:  # Home made image processing
            img_compressed = niryo_robot.get_img_compressed()
            img = uncompress_image(img_compressed)
            img = undistort_image(img, mtx, dist)
            # extracting working area
            im_work = extract_img_workspace(img, workspace_ratio=1.0)
            if im_work is None:
                print("Unable to find markers")
                try_without_success += 1
                if display_stream:
                    cv2.imshow("Last image saw", img)
                    cv2.waitKey(25)
                continue

            # Applying Threshold on ObjectColor
            color_hsv_setting = ColorHSV.ANY.value
            img_thresh = threshold_hsv(im_work, *color_hsv_setting)

            if display_stream:
                show_img("Last image saw", img, wait_ms=100)
                show_img("Image thresh", img_thresh, wait_ms=100)
            # Getting biggest contour/blob from threshold image
            contour = biggest_contour_finder(img_thresh)
            if contour is None or len(contour) == 0:
                print("No blob found")
                obj_found = False
            else:
                img_thresh_rgb_w_contour = draw_contours(img_thresh, [contour])

                # Getting contour/blob center and angle
                cx, cy = get_contour_barycenter(contour)
                img_thresh_rgb_w_contour = draw_barycenter(img_thresh_rgb_w_contour, cx, cy)
                cx_rel, cy_rel = relative_pos_from_pixels(im_work, cx, cy)

                angle = get_contour_angle(contour)
                img_thresh_rgb_w_contour = draw_angle(img_thresh_rgb_w_contour, cx, cy, angle)

                show_img("Image thresh", img_thresh_rgb_w_contour, wait_ms=30)

                # Getting object world pose from relative pose
                obj_pose = niryo_robot.get_target_pose_from_rel(workspace_name,
                                                                height_offset=0.0,
                                                                x_rel=cx_rel, y_rel=cy_rel,
                                                                yaw_rel=angle)
                obj_found = True
        if not obj_found:
            try_without_success += 1
            continue
        # Everything is good, so we going to object
        niryo_robot.pick_from_pose(obj_pose)

        # Computing new place pose
        offset_x = count % grid_dimension[0] - grid_dimension[0] // 2
        offset_y = (count // grid_dimension[1]) % 3 - grid_dimension[1] // 2
        offset_z = count // (grid_dimension[0] * grid_dimension[1])
        place_pose = center_conditioning_pose.copy_with_offsets(0.05 * offset_x, 0.05 * offset_y, 0.025 * offset_z)

        # Placing
        niryo_robot.place_from_pose(place_pose)

        try_without_success = 0
        count += 1


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Connect to robot
    robot = NiryoRobot(robot_ip_address)
    # Changing tool
    robot.update_tool()
    # Calibrate robot if robot needs calibration
    robot.calibrate_auto()
    # Launching main process
    process(robot)
    # Ending
    robot.go_to_sleep()
    # Releasing connection
    robot.close_connection()